Differentiation of avian adenovirus type-II strains by restriction endonuclease fingerprinting   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C Zhang  K V Nagaraja 《American journal of veterinary research》1989,50(9):1466-1470

Three serologically indistinguishable viruses from the avian adenovirus type-II splenomegaly virus of chickens, marble spleen disease virus of pheasants, and hemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys, were analyzed by restriction endonuclease fingerprinting. The DNA from these viruses were examined with 6 restriction endonucleases (Bgl II, EcoRI, HindIII, Hha I, Xho I, and BamHI). Markedly different DNA cleavage patterns were found in these virus isolates with all the 5 enzymes, except with BamHI, suggesting genetic differences between isolates of adenovirus type II. Restriction endonuclease analyses were found to provide a method for distinguishing genetically different, and yet serologically similar, strains of avian adenovirus type II.  相似文献   

Chemical characterization of high-yielding varieties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale)     

K. V. Nagaraja  V. M. Krishnan Nampoothiri 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1986,36(3):201-206

Cashew apples and kernels from sixteen high-yielding varieties were chemically characterized. Protein, starch, amino acids and sodium contents in cashew kernels did not vary significantly among the high-yielding varieties. Reducing sugar content in the kernel was negligible compared to total sugar. Ascorbic acid, amino acid, phenol and tannin contents in cashew apple showed a significant variation among high-yielding varieties. Non-reducing sugar content in cashew apples was negligible. Varieties M 6/1, Bla 256-1, M 10/4 and M 44/3 appeared to be better for apple juice extraction because of their low tannin content. No varietal difference was noticed with respect to qualitative composition of sugars, organic acids and phenols.CPCRI Contribution No. 459  相似文献   

Two major ruminant acute phase proteins,haptoglobin and serum amyloid A,as serum biomarkers during active sheep scab infestation     

Beth Wells  Giles T Innocent  Peter D Eckersall  Eilidh McCulloch  Alasdair J Nisbet  Stewart TG Burgess 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):103

Two ruminant acute phase proteins (APPs), haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), were evaluated as serum biomarkers (BMs) for sheep scab–a highly contagious ectoparasitic disease caused by the mite Psoroptes ovis, which is a major welfare and production threat worldwide. The levels of both APPs increased in serum following experimental infestation of sheep with P. ovis, becoming statistically significantly elevated from pre-infestation levels at 4 weeks post-infestation. Following successful treatment of infested sheep with an endectocide, Hp and SAA serum levels declined rapidly, with half lives of less than 3 days. In contrast, serum IgG levels which specifically bound the P. ovis-derived diagnostic antigen Pso o 2 had a half-life of 56 days. Taking into account pre-infestation serum levels, rapidity of response to infestation and test sensitivity at the estimated optimum cut-off values, SAA was the more discriminatory marker. These studies illustrated the potential of SAA and Hp to indicate current sheep scab infestation status and to augment the existing Pso o 2 serological assay to give disease-specific indications of both infestation and successful treatment.  相似文献   

The effect of Psoroptes ovis infestation on ovine epidermal barrier function     

Miriam R Stoeckli  Tom N McNeilly  David Frew  Edward J Marr  Alasdair J Nisbet  Adri HM van den Broek  Stewart TG Burgess 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):11

Sheep scab is an intensively pruritic, exudative and allergic dermatitis of sheep caused by the ectoparasitic mite Psoroptes ovis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of P. ovis infestation on different components of the ovine epidermal barrier within the first 24 hours post-infestation (hpi). To achieve this, the expression of epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) genes and epidermal barrier proteins, the nature and severity of epidermal pathology and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were evaluated.By 1 hpi a significant dermal polymorphonuclear infiltrate and a significant increase in TEWL with maximal mean TEWL (598.67 g/m²h) were observed. Epidermal pathology involving intra-epidermal pustulation, loss of epidermal architecture and damage to the basement membrane was seen by 3 hpi. Filaggrin and loricrin protein levels in the stratum corneum declined significantly in the first 24 hpi and qPCR validation confirmed the decrease in expression of the key EDC genes involucrin, filaggrin and loricrin observed by microarray analysis, with 5.8-fold, 4.5-fold and 80-fold decreases, respectively by 24 hpi.The present study has demonstrated that early P. ovis infestation disrupts the ovine epidermal barrier causing significant alterations in the expression of critical barrier components, epidermal pathology, and TEWL. Many of these features have also been documented in human and canine atopic dermatitis suggesting that sheep scab may provide a model for the elucidation of events occurring in the early phases of atopic sensitisation.  相似文献   

Affordable and reliable plant sap-mediated template preparation for the detection of various phytopathogens by PCR assay     

A. B. Sahana  H. Nagaraja  P. K. Maheshwar  M. Y. Sreenivasa  M. N. Nagendra Prasad  C. R. Adkar-Purushothama 《Phytoparasitica》2014,42(4):519-527

Plant pathogens like ‘Ca. Liberibacter’, phytoplasma, viruses and viroids cause diseases to almost all economically important plants. A simple and fast sap-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of these pathogens infecting various plant hosts is described in the present study. Sap from selected plants was drawn aseptically on parafilm, from the mid-rib of young leaves. Depending on the type of host plant, sap was diluted to optimal concentration before PCR analysis. ‘Ca. Liberibacter’, Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) infecting citrus, and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma’ infecting pepper and sandal trees were tested by sap-mediated PCR. The reliability of this procedure was evaluated by comparing the findings with previously described protocols. The sap-mediated nucleic acid template preparation for PCR assay is devoid of laborious nucleic acid extraction and expensive chemicals. Hence the present method is rapid, economical and so can be employed for diagnosis of large number of plant samples.  相似文献   

Bacteriologic and histologic studies of hepatic abscesses in cattle   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

K F Lechtenberg  T G Nagaraja  H W Leipold  M M Chengappa 《American journal of veterinary research》1988,49(1):58-62

Twenty-eight abscessed livers were collected from feedlot cattle at an abattoir; specimens were obtained from 49 abscesses for bacteriologic culture and for histologic examination. Cultural procedures included techniques to enumerate and isolate facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from all 49 abscesses, whereas facultative bacteria were isolated from only 22. Mean bacterial counts for anaerobic and facultative bacteria were 3 X 10(8) and 8 X 10(8) bacteria/g of purulent material, respectively. Fusobacterium necrophorum, the only anaerobe isolated, was detected in 100% of the abscesses. Fusobacterium necrophorum biotype A was isolated from 57% of the abscesses (in pure culture from 75%), and F necrophorum biotype B was isolated from 47% of the abscesses (from 96% with mixed infections). Corynebacterium pyogenes was the predominant facultative bacterium isolated. Histologic changes in abscesses were qualitatively similar; abscesses were pyogranulomatous, with a necrotic center surrounded by zones of inflammatory tissue. However, the severity of lesions varied, depending on the F necrophorum biotype involved. Portal triad fibrosis and bile-duct proliferation were most severe in biotype A and mixed biotype B infections and less severe in abscesses from which biotype B was isolated in pure culture.  相似文献   

In vitro evaluation of B-lymphocyte function in turkeys infected with hemorrhagic enteritis virus     

K V Nagaraja  D A Emery  B L Patel  B S Pomeroy  J A Newman 《American journal of veterinary research》1982,43(3):502-504

Studies were conducted on B-lymphocyte function in turkeys infected with hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) virus. Hemolytic plaque-forming technique was used to detect antibody-forming cells in turkeys. The plaque-forming cell responses in HE virus-infected and noninfected controls were compared. Results of this study indicated a decreased capability of HE virus-infected turkeys to produce antibodies to sheep RBC. The greatest inhibition of antibody-forming cell production was seen in the turkeys 19 days after exposure to the virus. However, after this period, the turkeys gradually recovered their immunocompetence to sheep RBC.  相似文献   

Immunogenicity and protective effects of truncated recombinant leukotoxin proteins of Fusobacterium necrophorum in mice   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Narayanan SK  Chengappa MM  Stewart GC  Nagaraja TG 《Veterinary microbiology》2003,93(4):335-347

Fusobacterium necrophorum, a gram-negative, anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, is generally an opportunistic pathogen and causes a wide variety of necrotic infections in animals and humans. Leukotoxin, a secreted protein, is a major virulence factor. The gene encoding the leukotoxin (lktA) in F. necrophorum has been cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. Because of low expression levels, problems associated with purifying full-length recombinant protein, and of the physical instability of the protein, five overlapping leukotoxin gene truncations were constructed. The recombinant polypeptides (BSBSE, SX, GAS, SH, and FINAL) were expressed in E. coli and purified by nickel-affinity chromatography. The objectives were to investigate the effectiveness of the purified truncated polypeptides to induce protective immunity in mice challenged with F. necrophorum. The polypeptides, individually or in combination, and inactivated native leukotoxin or culture supernatant of F. necrophorum were homogenized with an adjuvant and injected into mice on days 0 and 21. Blood samples were collected to measure serum anti-leukotoxin antibody titers on days 0, 21 and 42 and on day 42, mice were experimentally challenged with F. necrophorum. All polypeptides were immunogenic, with GAS polypeptide eliciting the least antibody response. Two polypeptides (BSBSE and SH) induced significant protection in mice against F. necrophorum infection. Protection was better than the full-length native leukotoxin or inactivated supernatant.The study demonstrated that the leukotoxin of F. necrophorum carries epitopes that induce protective immunity against experimental fusobacterial infection, thus providing further evidence to the importance of leukotoxin as a major virulence factor.  相似文献   

Development, characterization, and preliminary evaluation of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale for potential use as a live vaccine in turkeys     

Lopes VC  Back A  Shin HJ  Halvorson DA  Nagaraja KV 《Avian diseases》2002,46(1):162-168

A temperature-sensitive (Ts) mutant strain of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) was developed after exposure of the wild-type organism to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The Ts mutant strain grew at 31 C but had its growth inhibited at 41 C unlike wild-type parent strain. The Ts mutant and parent strains were characterized. Morphologic and biochemical properties of wild-type and mutant strains did not show any differences. The strains were also characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based fingerprinting methods. Results showed similar patterns in repetitive sequences by repetitive PCR (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus, highly conserved repeated DNA elements present in Streptococcus pneumoniae (BOX), repetitive extragenic palindromic, and Salmonella enteritidis repetitive element primers); however, random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was able to differentiate mutant and parent strains showing a unique pattern for each of the ORT strains. The rationale for the use of a Ts strain as a vaccine is based on the ability of the mutant to colonize the upper respiratory tract but not the lower respiratory tract and systemic system of the birds, where the wild-type strain causes severe lesions. In a preliminary evaluation, Ts strain of ORT was recovered from tracheas and choanae of Ts-treated turkeys for 13 days postadministration of the strain either in drinking water or by oculonasal instillation. Humoral immune response was detected in Ts-vaccinated but not in control group birds after 3 wk postadministration. Results suggest that Ts strain of ORT has promising potential use as a live vaccine for ORT.  相似文献   

Detection of avian pneumovirus in wild Canada (Branta canadensis) and blue-winged teal (Anas discors) geese     

Bennett RS  McComb B  Shin HJ  Njenga MK  Nagaraja KV  Halvorson DA 《Avian diseases》2002,46(4):1025-1029

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